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New bits of English are invented as people use the language in new ways, but what happens when a language comes from an entirely different galaxy – somewhere like Qo’noS, home planet of the Klingons? Neil and Sam discuss how languages develop and teach some related vocabulary.
In 2010, Klingon became the first invented language to do what? Is it:
a) have its own dictionary?,b) have an opera written? or,c) be recognised as an official language by the United Nations?
Listen to the programme to find out the answer.
living languagea language that people still speak and use in their ordinary lives
my badused instead of ‘my fault’ to it that you have made a mistake (informal, US)
patron saintsomeone who is believed to give special help and protection to a particular activity
conlangconstructed language; artificially invented language, such as Esperanto and Klingon
root (of a language)origin or source
get stuck on (something)be unable to continue or complete what you’re doing because it’s too difficult
Note: This is not a word-for-word transcript
Sam Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Sam.
NeilAnd I’m Neil. How are you today, Sam?
SamThanks for asking Neil, I’m fine… not!
NeilSorry, so are you fine? Or not…?
SamOh, did I confuse you? My bad!
NeilSam is speaking English, just a very modern type of English, for example saying ‘my bad’, instead of ‘my fault’ as a way of accepting that she’s wrong.
SamOr adding ‘not’ at the end of a sentence to show I really mean the opposite of what I said. Both are examples of small changes in English which have happened naturally over the last decade or two.
NeilChanges like these happen because, unlike say, Latin, which no-one speaks day-to-day, English is a living language – a language people speak and use in their ordinary lives.
SamNew bits of English are invented as people use the language in new ways, but what happens when a language comes from an entirely different galaxy – somewhere like Qo’noS, home planet of the Klingons?
NeilYes, when sci-fi TV show, Star Trek, introduced alien characters called Klingons, the makers needed to invent a whole new language - Klingon.
SamEntirely made-up and unrelated to any human language, Klingon has developed a life of its own. Today you can even study it at university. So, Neil, my quiz question is this: in 2010, Klingon became the first invented language to do what? Is it:
a) have its own dictionary?,
b) have an opera written? or,
c) be recognised as an official language by the United Nations?
NeilHmmm, every language needs vocabulary, so I’ll say a) Klingon was the first invented language to have its own dictionary.
SamOK, Neil, I’ll reveal the answer later in the programme. Klingon isn’t the only made-up language invented for the movies. David Peterson is the creator of Dothraki, a language used in the fantasy TV show, Game of Thrones.
NeilFrom his home in Los Angeles, David spoke to Michael Rosen, presenter of BBC Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth. They discussed Saint Hildegard who created the very first made-up language in the 12th century:
David PetersonWhat she had was an entire list of nouns, a whole list of nouns – many of them godly, many of them not, and she would drop them into songs using Latin grammar and other Latin words, so it’s not a language proper in the way that we understand it now, because really when we talk about a language it’s not just the vocabulary, it’s the grammar – nevertheless we still kind of look on her as the patron saint of modern conlanging.
SamSaint Hildegard invented new nouns but used Latin grammar, so David doesn’t think her invention is a proper language. Nevertheless, Saint Hildegard is considered the patron saint of languages.
NeilThe patron saint of something refers to a Christian saint who is believed to give special help to a particular activity. Here, the activity is inventing a conlang, short for constructed language – artificially invented languages, like Klingon and Dothraki.
SamAnother famous constructed language, Esperanto, was invented in 1887 by Polish doctor, Ludwik Zamenhof. He wanted to make it easier for people who spoke different languages to communicate with each other.
NeilListen as David Peterson speaks Esperanto with Michael Rosen and tests how much he understands for BBC Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth:
David PetersonYou are an English speaker from Western Europe, and in the 19th Century ‘universal’ meant ‘able to be understood by people from WesternEurope’.
And so, for example to say, ‘I speak Esperanto’, ‘mi parolas Esperanton’.
Michael RosenYes, I might have got that one – the ‘parle’ bit from its Latin root, and ‘me’, obviously. Try me again.
David Peterson Kiel vi fartas?
Michael RosenWho is my father? No, ‘Where am I travelling’? Er, no I got stuck on that one!
SamLike Spanish, Italian and other modern European languages, Esperanto is based on Latin. Michael guessed the meaning of the Esperanto word ‘parolas’ from its Latin root – the origin or source of a language.
NeilBut the second sentence of Esperanto isn’t so easy. Michael gets stuck on that one – he can’t answer because it’s too difficult.
SamI think I’d probably get stuck on that as well. But at least Esperanto was invented for humans, not alien creatures from outer space!
NeilAnd speaking of creatures from outer space, did I get the right answer to your quiz question, Sam?
SamI asked Neil about an unusual first achieved by the made-up alien language, Klingon.
NeilI guessed it was the first invented language to have its own dictionary.
SamWhich was… the wrong answer, I’m afraid. Incredibly, the correct answer was c) - in 2010 a company of Dutch musicians and singers performed the first ever Klingon opera! The story must have been hard to follow but I’m sure the singing was out of this world!
NeilMajQa! That’s Klingon for ‘great’. OK, let’s recap the vocabulary from our discussion about invented languages, also called constructed languages, or conlangs for short.
SamA living language, like English, is a language that people still speak and use in their ordinary lives.
NeilThe phrase, my bad, originated in the United States but is also used in Britain as an informal way to say, ‘my fault’ or to tell someone that you’ve made a mistake.
SamA patron saint is someone believed to give special help and protection to a particular activity.
NeilThe root of a languagemeans its origin or source.
SamAnd finally, if you get stuck on something, you’re unable to complete it because it’s too difficult.
NeilThat’s all the time we have for this programme about invented languages. ‘Gis revido baldau’- that’s Esperanto for ‘see you again soon’.
SamIn other words, ‘Qapla’, which is how Klingons say ‘goodbye’. Qapla!
NeilQapla!
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